Mineral extraction and processing is a fundamental part of the economy of the southern African region. The presence and extraction of precious and non-precious metals and gemstones has driven development in the SADC region for centuries, and has been with positive and negative outcomes in social, cultural and environmental terms.
The Limpopo River basin contains a large number of mining operations, exploiting and operationally extracting a wide range of minerals and gemstones including: gold, asbestos, copper, nickel, tungsten, pyrite, and emerald (Ashton et al. 2001). In Botswana, most mining is associated with the mineralised Greenstone belts, with copper, gold and nickel the most important commodities mined (Ashton et al. 2001). In addition to being the world's largest producer of gold (an industry somewhat in decline), South Africa is also a leading producer and exporter of various metals including antimony, chromites, fluorite, gems and industrial diamonds, manganese, platinum, vanadium, and vermiculite. Mining in Zimbabwe is focused mainly on gold, with over 2 000 operating mines scattered around the country (Ashton et al. 2001).
